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      中国文化经典汉乐府民歌内容及特色

      中国文化教师和对外汉语教师必读：汉乐府民歌的内容及艺术特色
      现存汉乐府民歌数量虽不多，但内容广泛，尤多反映下层民众生活和情绪之作。诸如民众的悲惨生活，战争和兵役带来的灾难，封建官僚的无耻，家长制的罪恶，爱情的坚贞，弃妇的痛苦等。《十五从军征》写一老兵，十五从军，八十始归，性命苟全了，但家园破败，亲人凋零，不胜悲苦。《上邪》的爱情誓词是:海枯石烂，真爱不变。《陌上桑》中，罗敷美貌动人，有勇有谋。反之，“使君”则好色、贪婪、霸气十足。

      对外汉语教师熟知的《孔雀东南飞》，是《古诗为焦仲卿妻作》的别名，是汉乐府诗中最长的一篇，也是中国诗歌史上罕见的长篇叙事诗。诗中写了一个封建社会中常见的家庭悲剧。焦仲卿与刘兰芝是一对恩爱夫妻。刘兰芝貌美贤淑，勤于家务，可苛刻的焦母却不喜欢儿媳，婆媳关系颇为紧张。焦仲卿夹在母亲与爱妻之间，处境尴尬，最后因母命难违，劝说妻子暂回娘家。刘兰芝在娘家又不见容于兄长，逼她再嫁，她只得以死相抵，“举身赴清池”。焦仲卿闻此消息，幡然醒悟，也“自挂东南枝”，用自己壮烈的死来抗议封建家长的专制。

      汉乐府民歌的主要艺术特色是以叙事为主，“感于哀乐，缘事而发”，扩大了中国诗歌的叙事领域。《陌上桑》和《孔雀东南飞》是叙事诗的代表作，是对外汉语中国文化教学的经典著作，尤其像《孔雀东南飞》这样的长篇叙事诗，各种艺术手段在此都作了完美的发挥。无论人物对话、动作，还是心理刻画，都十分成功，形象地塑造了一批人物形象。诗中故事情节的展开和矛盾冲突的起伏，以及浪漫色彩的结尾，在铺排上也都恰到好处。另外，汉乐府民歌的形式多种多样，有三言、四言、五言、六言及杂言种种，其中最常用的是新兴的杂言和五言诗。杂言诗句式，字数不一，有整有散，灵活多变。五言诗则形式十分整齐，如《十五从军征》等。这种诗体较《诗经》、《楚辞》的四言诗和骚体诗都有明显的进步，代表了当时诗歌形式发展的新趋势，此后几百年间，成为文人创作的主要形式。

      语风汉语教学中心强力推荐阅读科目



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